Neurophysiology

At least 7 kinds of nicotine receptors have been identified in the brain and unknown actual numbers of nicotine receptors – hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands?  Nicotine acts on receptors 24 hours/day.  Thus, nicotine receptors increase and the brain becomes dependent on nicotine for normal body functions. 

Some neurotransmitters that are released and their effects: 

  • Dopamine – pleasure; appetite suppressant
  • Norepinephrine – arousal; appetite suppressant
  • Acetylcholine – arousal; cognitive enhancement
  • Serotonin – mood modulation and appetite suppression
  • Beta endorphins – reduce anxiety; tension reduction
  • Vasopressin – memory enhancement ( short term)

See: Benowitz, NL, Pharmacologic Aspects of Cigarette smoking and Nicotine Addiction, The New England Journal of Medicine, November 17, 1988; Vol. 319, No. 20; ppgs. 1318-1330

Neal Benowitz, M.D. , is a leading expert in the pharmacology of nicotine and can be reached at the University of California at San Francisco, Denver General Hospital and /or Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute.  These are in the 415 area code.